Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Cytotoxic Activity of Sicilian Red- and White-Grape Seed Oils on Human Liver and Colorectal Cancer Cells

doi: 10.3390/molecules31101567

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dilution-response effect of the oils on the viability of cells after 24 h of exposure. ( A ) HepG2 cells treated with WGSO (black circles) and RGSO (red circles); ( B ) CaCo-2 cells treated with WGSO; ( C ) CaCo-2 cells treated with RGSO; ( D ) diff-CaCo-2 cells treated with WGSO (black circles) and RGSO (red circles). The error bars correspond to the standard error of the mean (s.e.m.) of biological triplicates. One-way ANOVA followed by Holm–Sidak post hoc test was used. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.001 compared to control. Normality test passed.

Article Snippet: HepG2 liver tumor cells (RRID: CVCL_0027) and CaCo-2 colorectal cancer cells (RRID: CVCL_0025), primarily obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA) and sourced from the laboratory’s internal stocks, were routinely cultured in a high-glucose Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; D6429, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) enriched with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, F4135, Sigma) and antibiotics (100 U/mL penicillin and 100 mg/mL streptomycin; Capricorn Scientific GmbH, Ebsdorfergrund, Germany) within a humidified environment at 37 °C under a 5% CO 2 atmosphere.

Techniques: Control

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Cytotoxic Activity of Sicilian Red- and White-Grape Seed Oils on Human Liver and Colorectal Cancer Cells

doi: 10.3390/molecules31101567

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative density plots for FSC-A and SSC-A in HepG2 cells ( A , B ) and CaCo-2 cells ( C – F ) cultured in control conditions ( A , C , E ) or exposed to the ID 50 of WGSO ( B , D ) or RGSO ( F ) for 24 h. ( G ) Bar graph showing the percentage of FSC-A and SSC-A values compared to control conditions normalized to 1. Values are expressed as mean % ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m). Each bar is representative of biological triplicates. One-way ANOVA followed by Holm–Sidak comparison procedure was used. Normality test passed. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001 compared to control.

Article Snippet: HepG2 liver tumor cells (RRID: CVCL_0027) and CaCo-2 colorectal cancer cells (RRID: CVCL_0025), primarily obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA) and sourced from the laboratory’s internal stocks, were routinely cultured in a high-glucose Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; D6429, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) enriched with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, F4135, Sigma) and antibiotics (100 U/mL penicillin and 100 mg/mL streptomycin; Capricorn Scientific GmbH, Ebsdorfergrund, Germany) within a humidified environment at 37 °C under a 5% CO 2 atmosphere.

Techniques: Cell Culture, Control, Comparison

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Cytotoxic Activity of Sicilian Red- and White-Grape Seed Oils on Human Liver and Colorectal Cancer Cells

doi: 10.3390/molecules31101567

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of WGSO and RGSO ID 50 administration for 24 h on HepG2 and CaCo-2 cell cycle status. ( A ) Bar graph showing the percentage of cells in the subG 0 /G 1 fraction in control and treated conditions. Values are expressed as mean % ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m). ( B ) Bar graph showing the treatment-induced changes in the cell cycle phase distribution for the surviving cell population. Values are expressed as mean fold change ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.) compared to the controls. Each bar is representative of biological triplicates. One-way ANOVA followed by Holm–Sidak comparison procedure was used. Normality test passed. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001 compared to control.

Article Snippet: HepG2 liver tumor cells (RRID: CVCL_0027) and CaCo-2 colorectal cancer cells (RRID: CVCL_0025), primarily obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA) and sourced from the laboratory’s internal stocks, were routinely cultured in a high-glucose Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; D6429, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) enriched with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, F4135, Sigma) and antibiotics (100 U/mL penicillin and 100 mg/mL streptomycin; Capricorn Scientific GmbH, Ebsdorfergrund, Germany) within a humidified environment at 37 °C under a 5% CO 2 atmosphere.

Techniques: Control, Comparison

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Cytotoxic Activity of Sicilian Red- and White-Grape Seed Oils on Human Liver and Colorectal Cancer Cells

doi: 10.3390/molecules31101567

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of WGSO or RGSO ID 50 administration for 4, 16 and 24 h on the Bcl-2/Bax protein ratio in HepG2 cells ( A ) and CaCo-2 cells ( B ). The original immunoblots are shown in . Each bar is representative of technical triplicates. Values are expressed as mean fold change ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.) compared to the controls. One-way ANOVA followed by Holm–Sidak comparison procedure was used. Normality test passed. * p < 0.001 compared to control.

Article Snippet: HepG2 liver tumor cells (RRID: CVCL_0027) and CaCo-2 colorectal cancer cells (RRID: CVCL_0025), primarily obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA) and sourced from the laboratory’s internal stocks, were routinely cultured in a high-glucose Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; D6429, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) enriched with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, F4135, Sigma) and antibiotics (100 U/mL penicillin and 100 mg/mL streptomycin; Capricorn Scientific GmbH, Ebsdorfergrund, Germany) within a humidified environment at 37 °C under a 5% CO 2 atmosphere.

Techniques: Western Blot, Comparison, Control

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Cytotoxic Activity of Sicilian Red- and White-Grape Seed Oils on Human Liver and Colorectal Cancer Cells

doi: 10.3390/molecules31101567

Figure Lengend Snippet: Flow cytometric assays for externalization of phosphatidylserine in HepG2 and CaCo-2 cells cultured in control conditions or exposed to the ID 50 of the oils for 24 h. The plots show the results of representative experiments and the percentages, indicated as the mean ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.) of biological triplicates, refer to viable annexinV-negative/PI-negative cells (bottom-left quadrant), early-apoptotic annexinV-positive/PI-negative cells (bottom-right quadrant), late-apoptotic annexinV-positive/PI-positive cells (top-right quadrant), and necrotic annexinV-negative/PI-positive cells (top-left quadrant).

Article Snippet: HepG2 liver tumor cells (RRID: CVCL_0027) and CaCo-2 colorectal cancer cells (RRID: CVCL_0025), primarily obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA) and sourced from the laboratory’s internal stocks, were routinely cultured in a high-glucose Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; D6429, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) enriched with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, F4135, Sigma) and antibiotics (100 U/mL penicillin and 100 mg/mL streptomycin; Capricorn Scientific GmbH, Ebsdorfergrund, Germany) within a humidified environment at 37 °C under a 5% CO 2 atmosphere.

Techniques: Cell Culture, Control

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Cytotoxic Activity of Sicilian Red- and White-Grape Seed Oils on Human Liver and Colorectal Cancer Cells

doi: 10.3390/molecules31101567

Figure Lengend Snippet: Western blot analysis for the activation of caspase-3 in control and oil-treated HepG2 and CaCo-2 cells. The complete immunoblots are shown in .

Article Snippet: HepG2 liver tumor cells (RRID: CVCL_0027) and CaCo-2 colorectal cancer cells (RRID: CVCL_0025), primarily obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA) and sourced from the laboratory’s internal stocks, were routinely cultured in a high-glucose Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; D6429, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) enriched with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, F4135, Sigma) and antibiotics (100 U/mL penicillin and 100 mg/mL streptomycin; Capricorn Scientific GmbH, Ebsdorfergrund, Germany) within a humidified environment at 37 °C under a 5% CO 2 atmosphere.

Techniques: Western Blot, Activation Assay, Control

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Cytotoxic Activity of Sicilian Red- and White-Grape Seed Oils on Human Liver and Colorectal Cancer Cells

doi: 10.3390/molecules31101567

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of WGSO or RGSO ID 50 administration for 4, 16 and 24 h on the cleaved caspase-1/full-length caspase-1 ratio ( A , B ) and the cleaved gasdermin-D/gasdermin-D ratio ( C , D ) in HepG2 cells ( A , C ) and CaCo-2 cells ( B , D ). The original immunoblots are shown in . Each bar is representative of technical triplicates. Values are expressed as mean fold change ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.) compared to the controls. One-way ANOVA followed by Holm–Sidak comparison procedure was used. Normality test passed. * p < 0.001 compared to control.

Article Snippet: HepG2 liver tumor cells (RRID: CVCL_0027) and CaCo-2 colorectal cancer cells (RRID: CVCL_0025), primarily obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA) and sourced from the laboratory’s internal stocks, were routinely cultured in a high-glucose Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; D6429, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) enriched with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, F4135, Sigma) and antibiotics (100 U/mL penicillin and 100 mg/mL streptomycin; Capricorn Scientific GmbH, Ebsdorfergrund, Germany) within a humidified environment at 37 °C under a 5% CO 2 atmosphere.

Techniques: Western Blot, Comparison, Control

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Cytotoxic Activity of Sicilian Red- and White-Grape Seed Oils on Human Liver and Colorectal Cancer Cells

doi: 10.3390/molecules31101567

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of WGSO or RGSO ID 50 administration for 4, 16 and 24 h on pMLKL protein levels in HepG2 ( A ) and CaCo-2 cells ( B ), determined by Western blot. The complete immunoblots are shown in . Each bar is representative of technical triplicates. Values are expressed as mean fold change ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.) compared to the controls. One-way ANOVA followed by Holm–Sidak comparison procedure was used. Normality test passed. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001 compared to control.

Article Snippet: HepG2 liver tumor cells (RRID: CVCL_0027) and CaCo-2 colorectal cancer cells (RRID: CVCL_0025), primarily obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA) and sourced from the laboratory’s internal stocks, were routinely cultured in a high-glucose Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; D6429, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) enriched with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, F4135, Sigma) and antibiotics (100 U/mL penicillin and 100 mg/mL streptomycin; Capricorn Scientific GmbH, Ebsdorfergrund, Germany) within a humidified environment at 37 °C under a 5% CO 2 atmosphere.

Techniques: Western Blot, Comparison, Control

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Cytotoxic Activity of Sicilian Red- and White-Grape Seed Oils on Human Liver and Colorectal Cancer Cells

doi: 10.3390/molecules31101567

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of WGSO or RGSO ID 50 on the amount of HMGB1 protein released in the media of HepG2 and CaCo-2 cells after 24 h, determined by dot blot. The original immunoblot is shown in . Each bar is representative of technical triplicates. Values are expressed as mean fold change ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.) compared to the controls. One-way ANOVA followed by Holm–Sidak comparison procedure was used. Normality test passed. * p < 0.001 compared to control.

Article Snippet: HepG2 liver tumor cells (RRID: CVCL_0027) and CaCo-2 colorectal cancer cells (RRID: CVCL_0025), primarily obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA) and sourced from the laboratory’s internal stocks, were routinely cultured in a high-glucose Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; D6429, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) enriched with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, F4135, Sigma) and antibiotics (100 U/mL penicillin and 100 mg/mL streptomycin; Capricorn Scientific GmbH, Ebsdorfergrund, Germany) within a humidified environment at 37 °C under a 5% CO 2 atmosphere.

Techniques: Dot Blot, Western Blot, Comparison, Control

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Cytotoxic Activity of Sicilian Red- and White-Grape Seed Oils on Human Liver and Colorectal Cancer Cells

doi: 10.3390/molecules31101567

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of WGSO or RGSO ID 50 administration for 4, 16 and 24 h on hsp60 ( A , B ) and hsp90 ( C , D ) protein levels in HepG2 ( A , C ) and CaCo-2 cells ( B , D ), determined by Western blot. The complete immunoblots are shown in . Each bar is representative of technical triplicates. Values are expressed as mean fold change ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.) compared to the controls. One-way ANOVA followed by Holm–Sidak comparison procedure was used. Normality test passed. * p < 0.001 compared to control.

Article Snippet: HepG2 liver tumor cells (RRID: CVCL_0027) and CaCo-2 colorectal cancer cells (RRID: CVCL_0025), primarily obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA) and sourced from the laboratory’s internal stocks, were routinely cultured in a high-glucose Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; D6429, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) enriched with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, F4135, Sigma) and antibiotics (100 U/mL penicillin and 100 mg/mL streptomycin; Capricorn Scientific GmbH, Ebsdorfergrund, Germany) within a humidified environment at 37 °C under a 5% CO 2 atmosphere.

Techniques: Western Blot, Comparison, Control

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Cytotoxic Activity of Sicilian Red- and White-Grape Seed Oils on Human Liver and Colorectal Cancer Cells

doi: 10.3390/molecules31101567

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative flow cytometric profiles for ROS production in HepG2 cells ( A , B ) and CaCo-2 cells ( C , D ) cultured in control conditions or exposed to the ID 50 of WGSO or RGSO for 4 ( A , C ) or 16 h ( B , D ). ( E ) Bar graph showing the MFI of ROS indicator, obtained from triplicate experiments. Cumulative data from flow cytometry experiments were analyzed for the MFI of each condition; data normalization was then achieved by dividing the MFI of the treated cell samples by the MFI of the reference controls. Each bar is representative of biological triplicates. Values are expressed as mean fold change ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.) compared to the controls. One-way ANOVA followed by Holm–Sidak comparison procedure was used. Normality test passed. * p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001 compared to control.

Article Snippet: HepG2 liver tumor cells (RRID: CVCL_0027) and CaCo-2 colorectal cancer cells (RRID: CVCL_0025), primarily obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA) and sourced from the laboratory’s internal stocks, were routinely cultured in a high-glucose Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; D6429, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) enriched with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, F4135, Sigma) and antibiotics (100 U/mL penicillin and 100 mg/mL streptomycin; Capricorn Scientific GmbH, Ebsdorfergrund, Germany) within a humidified environment at 37 °C under a 5% CO 2 atmosphere.

Techniques: Cell Culture, Control, Flow Cytometry, Comparison

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Cytotoxic Activity of Sicilian Red- and White-Grape Seed Oils on Human Liver and Colorectal Cancer Cells

doi: 10.3390/molecules31101567

Figure Lengend Snippet: Representative flow cytometric profiles for AVOs’ accumulation in HepG2 cells ( A , B ) and CaCo-2 cells ( C , D ) cultured in control conditions or exposed to the ID 50 of WGSO or RGSO for 4 ( A , C ) or 16 h ( B , D ). ( E ) Bar graph showing the mean fluorescence index (MFI) of acridine orange stain, obtained from triplicate experiments. Cumulative data from flow cytometry experiments were analyzed for the MFI of each condition; data normalization was then achieved by dividing the MFI of the treated cell samples by the MFI of the reference controls. Each bar is representative of biological triplicates. Values are expressed as mean fold change ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.) compared to the controls. One-way ANOVA followed by Holm–Sidak comparison procedure was used. Normality test passed. * p < 0.001 compared to control.

Article Snippet: HepG2 liver tumor cells (RRID: CVCL_0027) and CaCo-2 colorectal cancer cells (RRID: CVCL_0025), primarily obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA) and sourced from the laboratory’s internal stocks, were routinely cultured in a high-glucose Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; D6429, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) enriched with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, F4135, Sigma) and antibiotics (100 U/mL penicillin and 100 mg/mL streptomycin; Capricorn Scientific GmbH, Ebsdorfergrund, Germany) within a humidified environment at 37 °C under a 5% CO 2 atmosphere.

Techniques: Cell Culture, Control, Fluorescence, Staining, Flow Cytometry, Comparison

Journal: Molecules

Article Title: Cytotoxic Activity of Sicilian Red- and White-Grape Seed Oils on Human Liver and Colorectal Cancer Cells

doi: 10.3390/molecules31101567

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of WGSO ID 50 administration for 4 and 16 h on Beclin-1 ( A ) and p62 ( B ) protein levels and LC3-II/LC3-I protein ratio ( C ) in HepG2 cells, determined by Western blot. The complete immunoblots are shown in . Each bar is representative of technical triplicates. Values are expressed as mean fold change ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.) compared to the controls. One-way ANOVA followed by Holm–Sidak comparison procedure was used. Normality test passed. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001 compared to control.

Article Snippet: HepG2 liver tumor cells (RRID: CVCL_0027) and CaCo-2 colorectal cancer cells (RRID: CVCL_0025), primarily obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA, USA) and sourced from the laboratory’s internal stocks, were routinely cultured in a high-glucose Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM; D6429, Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) enriched with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS, F4135, Sigma) and antibiotics (100 U/mL penicillin and 100 mg/mL streptomycin; Capricorn Scientific GmbH, Ebsdorfergrund, Germany) within a humidified environment at 37 °C under a 5% CO 2 atmosphere.

Techniques: Western Blot, Comparison, Control

Journal: Frontiers in Oncology

Article Title: Leveraging deep learning and explainable AI for effective liver tumor classification from CT scan images

doi: 10.3389/fonc.2026.1836325

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overall workflow of the proposed liver tumor classification framework. It illustrates the two major components of the system: classification of CT liver images and the integration of explainable AI methods for interpretability.

Article Snippet: The first is the Liver Tumor Classification dataset from Kaggle Liv , and the second is from the Radiopaedia website Rad ( ).

Techniques:

Journal: Frontiers in Oncology

Article Title: Leveraging deep learning and explainable AI for effective liver tumor classification from CT scan images

doi: 10.3389/fonc.2026.1836325

Figure Lengend Snippet: Classification methodology workflow. Step-by-step pipeline for liver tumor classification, including dataset preparation, preprocessing, augmentation, model training, evaluation, and explainability.

Article Snippet: The first is the Liver Tumor Classification dataset from Kaggle Liv , and the second is from the Radiopaedia website Rad ( ).

Techniques: